During much of my medical career, my understanding of the human bladder was that it was a reservoir for the body’s metabolic waste and that it simply stores #urine until it signals a sense of fullness to motivate volitional voiding. As filling increases tissue distension, intensity of desire to void increases accordingly. Throughout most of the day, the bladder just passively fills. How reassuringly simple! I also understood that bladders, and mostly of females, are very vu

Historically, #cystitis generally was a problem for women, who otherwise were well. They suffered in silence, drank water like fish, and, perhaps, also guzzled K+ citrate and/or cranberry juice, for what they thought they were worth. Antibiotics’ arrival brought simple and convenient “pill-popping,” treatment with most getting symptom relief, while the others continued suffering quietly, so cystitis garnered little medico-scientific interest. Today, cystitis presents very d

“We know almost nothing about managing UTI.” This assertion went unchallenged at the British Society of #Antimicrobial Chemotherapy multidisciplinary conference of experts last year. Increasingly, we struggle because following #cystitis #treatments, #infection recurrences and #antimicrobial #resistance too often occur, compromising patients’ health and efficient service provision. PubMed UK searches reveal over 81,000 articles are available on “UTI” and more than 16,000 on