#Epithelia line tissue surfaces that the outside world can directly access, such as skin, sclera, mouth, gut, vagina, #bladder and...

The distal urethra is a residency for #bacteria, mostly commensals, but sometimes potential uropathogens move in. #Catheterisation hygiene cleans the skin around the urethral meatus but does not remove bacteria residing in the distal urethra. Many people have focused time, effort and money on coatings that are supposed to prevent such bacteria surviving #catheter entry into the #bladder. Such a #coating would need to kill the potential pathogens before they are transferred fr

This page from European Urology is enlightening for anyone treating urinary urgency or taking the treatments. The text explains that oral treatments’ beneficial responses are slight, modest and substantially placebo effects at the cost of over twice the risk of inducing cognitive impairments. They also produce symptomatic side effects, most notably dry mouth, that are real and mechanistically well understood as antimuscarinic actions on tissue receptors. The authors explain t